بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم
ABSTRACT
This research paper is to investigate how native speakers stress on certain
words when they are giving speech in public. As we concern, there are many
mediums that we can rely on in order to learn how native speakers speak. For
time being, YouTube is one of the channels that suitable for us to learn how
they speak. Every day, there are many videos are being uploaded. Thus, we can
use these channels to learn as nowadays computers are giving us so much benefit
to be used.
OBJECTIVE
In this research, we analyses a video that we have transcribe into written form
to point out the important of the stress and unstressed syllables as well as
the intonation of rise and fall. By the end of this research paper, we
will be able to determine which one of the word is either stress or unstressed.
Not to forget, that the tone of the words is different in terms of rising and
falling in pitch of the words. The focuses for this research are to learn the
differences of native speakers and non-native speakers when they construct the
sentence also to compare the words when they pronounce certain words.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There are many studies have been conducted regarding
computer-mediated-communication (CMC). As far as CMC is concerned, there are
two types of CMC available which are synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous
mode of CMC focuses on the real time conversation in which the exchanges
between people is immediate and more rapid. Asynchronous mode of CMC focuses on
non-real time conversation in which the response from the people can be delayed.
There are many views on CMC as a helping tool for secondary and
foreign language learning. Chen
(2005) suggested that by using synchronous CMC tools, EFL learners can be
exposed to the use of the target language. Web conferencing can overcome the
communication problem due to distance. Cunningham, Fagersten & Holmsten (2010) have found that
web-conferencing can be used in order to complete synchronous communication learning tasks involving students residing in different countries. It can also solve the
problem faced by the students who are attending different universities in different
countries to participate in the same learning activity (Jauregi &
Banados,2008).
Another view is that CMC is believed to be one kind of a socially
rich environment. Michinov, Michinov, and Toczek-Capelle (2004) who have
conducted a study on 72 school students, have found that these school students
only need about 90 minutes to develop their sense of belonging in synchronous
CMC groups. By comparing face-to-face communication with CMC, Tidwell and
Walther have confirmed that intimate exchanges or disclosures happened more
frequently in CMC as compared to face-to-face communication.
As an e-learning tool, where e-learning is defined very generally
as any learning supported by electronic tools and media in a synchronous or
asynchronous situation, web-conferencing platforms have gained popularity among
educators during the past decade due to greater flexibility as a result of web
technology and broadband connectivity improvements (Falloon, 2011; Dammers,
2009; Skylar, 2009)
METHODOLOGY
The study was done in a form of analysis of the transcribed
version of a native speaker speech on one of the videos on Youtube. The data
are presented in tables as to ease the reading.
PROCEDURE
The first step on this research is to find a video on Youtube. The
video that we have found is the video of Oprah Winfrey who is announcing to her
audience about her leaving her show. The video duration is about three minutes
and thirty seconds. After getting the video, we transcribed it as to make the
analysis to be easier. From the transcribed version of the speech in the video,
we analyzed the syllables (stressed and unstressed), the mood and the
intonation of the speech being uttered by the speaker. Then we came out with
rational reasons for certain words that are stressed by the speaker as well as
the reason behind rising and falling intonation of the speaker’s speech. Other
than that, we tried to relate the use of rising and falling intonation of the
speech of the speaker with the mood of the sentences being produced.
SAMPLING
In this analysis, we only used a video that we took from the
Youtube. The sample is the speech of Oprah Winfrey who is a native speaker of
English. She is the host of her own programme which was the Oprah Winfrey Show.
The video was posted on the Youtube in 2009.
INSTRUMENT FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Our linguistic area under study is phonetics and phonology. Thus,
we decided to analyze the data by using the instruments that is related to that
area which are stress, intonation and mood in relationship with the speech of a
native speaker. For the analysis of mood and tone, we have referred to the
table of the primary tones of spoken English as being outlined by Halliday
(refer Appendix 1).
FINDING
For the findings of this research, we have found that every word has its own
meaning based on the sentence structure or the words construct. As for example,
the word ‘board’ does not mean thin, flat piece of wood instead ‘board’ means
the time the viewers followed the show. Other findings are the stress and unstressed
syllables of the word. Some words are stressed while other is unstressed. Words
are being stressed because the speaker wants to emphasize on the word to the
audience. These stress words will catch the attention of the audience to listen
carefully as to get the full information given by the speaker. On the other
hand, the unstressed words are to make the sentences to be more reliable and
can be understood by the audience. For instance, the stressed word in the
analysis is news. News is stressed to emphasize on what news that the speaker,
Oprah has promised the audiences at the beginning of the show. In addition, the
finding also served to compare native speaker and non-native speaker on how the
construction of the sentence and the context of the sentence. Meanwhile, as for
the finding for the intonation part we find that, the speaker use more falling
action in pitch movement when the speaker is speaking. This is because the
speaker use declarative clause when making a sentences.
CONCLUSION
From the analysis, there are reasons for stress and unstressed words in a
sentences as well as the reason why the speaker used certain intonation for a
particular sentences being uttered. Among the reasons for a word to be stressed
are the facts that the speaker wants to emphasize a particular word in order to
get the message clear. Other than that, a word is stressed to give a certain
impact to the sentences being uttered. For the intonation part, we can see that
the speaker chooses to use more falling intonation rather than rising
intonation because of the mood of the sentences are mostly in declarative.
REFERENCES
Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). An
introduction to functional grammar. (3rd ed.) London: Hodder Arnold.
Lara, N. A., Lomicka, L., Lord, G., listed, A. a., order, i. a.,
to, c. e., & article, t. (2005). Using computer-mediated communication to
establish social and supportive environments in teacher education. CALICO Journal, 22(3),
537. Retrieved from http://210.48.222.80/proxy.pac/docview/750586215?accountid=44024
Wang, C. X., Jaeger, D., Liu, J., Guo, X., & Xie, N. (2013).
Using synchronous technology to enrich student learning. TechTrends, 57(1),
20-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-012-0626-9
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