CENTRE

Tuesday, 9 April 2013

graded assignment 2: research on the use of CMC


APPENDIX 1
The primary tones of spoken English

Tone
Pitch movement
Simple
Tone 1
Falling
Tone 2
Rising
Tone 3
Level (actually showing a low rise in pitch)
Tone 4
Falling- rising
Tone 5
Rising-falling
Compound
Tone 13
Falling+level
Tone 53
Rising-falling+level










APPENDIX 2
Raw data
OPRAH’S TEARFUL ANNOUNCEMENT WHY SHE IS LEAVING HER SHOW.

Below is the transcribed version of the Oprah Winfrey speech:

            So, on the top of the show I told you that I have some news to share with you (1). So here it goes (2). After much prayer and months of careful thought I decided the next season, season twenty-five will be the last season of the Oprah Winfrey show (3). And over the next couple of days, you may hear a lot of speculation in the press about why I’m making this decision now and that would mostly be a conjecture (4). So, I want it you to hear it directly from me (5). Twenty-four years ago on September 8, 1986, I went live from Chicago to launch the first national Oprah Winfrey show (6). I was beyond excited and as you all might expected a little nervous (7). I knew then what a miraculous opportunity I had been given but I certainly never could have imagined the yellow brick road of blessings that have led me to this moment with you (8). These years with you, our viewers have reached my life beyond all measure and you all have graciously invited me into your living room, into your kitchen, and into your life (9). And for some of you long time Oprah viewers you have literally grown up with me (10). We’ve grown together (11). You had your families and you raise your children and you left the spot for me in your morning or your afternoon depending on when the Oprah show airs in your town (12). So, I just wanted to say whether you have been with me from the beginning or you came on board last week, I want you all to know that my relationship with you is one that I hold very dear (13). And your trust in me, the sharing of your precious time everyday with me has brought me the greatest joy I have ever known (14). So, here we are, half way through the season twenty-four and it still means as much to me to spend an hour everyday with you as it did back in 1986 (15). So, why walk away and make next season the last? (16) Here is the real reason (17). I love the show (18). The show has been my life and I love it enough to know when it’s time to say goodbye (19). Twenty-five years feels right in my bones and it feels right in my spirit (20). It’s the perfect number. The exact right time (21). So, I hope that you will take this eighteen months ride with me ride through to the final show (22). Over this holiday break, my team and I will be brainstorming new ways that we can entertain you and inform you and uplift you when we return here in January (23). And then, season twenty-five we are going to knock your socks off (24). So, the countdowns to the end of the Oprah Winfrey show starts now and until that day in 2011 when it ends I intend to soak up every meaningful, joyful moment with you (25). Thanks everybody (26). I’ll see you on Monday (27).


APPENDIX 3
Analysis for stressed and unstressed words.
So,
on
the
Top
of
the
show
I
told
you
/
U
U
/
U
U
/
/
U
/
Stress on the word because Oprah want to gain the attention of the audiences.


To tell something to the audiences that she promise in the beginning of the show.


The starting of the show.
Show who is speaking.

Show the listeners as in the audiences in the studio and audiences at home.

that
I
have
some
news
to share
with
you
U
/
U
U
/
U
U
/

Show who is speaking and that the speaker has news to share.


The important news that Oprah want to share with her audience


Show the listeners as in the audiences in the studio and audiences at home.

So,
here
it
goes
/
U
U
U
Stress on the word because Oprah want to gain the attention of the audiences.




After
much
prayers
and
Months
of
careful
thought
I
de-cided
U
U
/
U
/
U
U
/
/
/      U


The word is stressed because it show that before Oprah make a decision about the show, she prayers so much so that she will have the answer that she want.

Months in this transcribe is stress. The word months indicate that she have gone through months of making this decision about her show.


The thought to leave the show in which she put in much of prayers and months to come with whatever the result is.
Show who is speaking.
The decision has been decided by Oprah after she take a very long time.

the
next
season,
sea-son twen-ty-five
will be
the
last sea-son
of
the
Oprah Winfrey
show
U
U
U
/     U     /     U
U
U
U
/      /     U   
U
U
U
U



The season that will be the last season.


The last season emphasize the final of the show with the last season of the Oprah Winfrey show.





And
over
the
Next
cou-ple
of
days,
/
U
U
/
/      U
U
/
To continue the conversation Oprah stress on the word ‘and’ then she continue with the speech.


After what she said something will come out.
Something will come soon connected about this news.

The days of which the news will come out that it only take couple of days for the news to come out.

you
may
hear
a
Lot
of
spe-cu-la-tion
in
the
press
about
/
U
/
U
/
U
U    U  /  U
U
U
/
U
The audience in the studio and at home.

It is stress so that it point out that the audience will hear it no matter what the news is all about.

Many rumors regarding the issue.

Oprah stress on the word ‘speculation’ because if one individual did not hear the news directly from the person then he or she will make story about it.


The press is the one who will spread the news and whether the news is right or wrong they did not care.


why
I’m
Making
this
de-ci-sion
now
/
/
U
U
U  /   U
/
The speaker wants to stress on the question why she making this decision.
Emphasize on the speaker herself.


the word ‘decision’ is to emphasize on the outcome of the answer of the question ‘why I’m leaving the show’.
Now means at that moment. This is to emphasize on why only ‘now’ that Oprah made the decision, why not last year or later.

and
that
would most-ly be
a
con-jec-ture.
U
U
/           /       U /
U
U    /    U


Most of the news can be authentic or unauthentic.

The news soon will be spread with the guess make by the reporters to make the story more interesting for the readers.

So,
I
wanted
it
You
to hear
it
directly
from
me
/
/
U
U
/
U
U
U
U
/
Stress on the word because Oprah want to gain the attention of the audiences.
To show who is doing the action


The audience in the studio and at home.




Oprah wants the audience to hear about the news directly from her rather than from the news.

Twen-ty-four years
ago
on
Sep-tem-ber eight, nine-teen eighty-six
I
went
live
from
Chi-ca-go
/         U  U
/
U
U
U     /    U
/             /
U           /
U
/
U
/
U
U    /  U
Twenty-four years is a long time for Oprah where the moment of on the first show is very valuable.


This date back on twenty-four years ago where the first live broadcast of Oprah show.
To show who is doing the action

The show is ‘live’ without any preparation or the record of the show to air it later on the television.

The place where the live broadcast is.

to launch
the
first
natio-nal
Oprah Winfrey show
U
U
/
/         U
U


The first of the entire broadcast or the opening of the show.
The nationwide broadcasting of the opening of the Oprah show that meet the audiences.


I
was
be-yond
excited
/
U
U   /
U
To show who is doing the action. To show the speaker.

Oprah feel ‘beyond’ what normal people feel when she hosting her own show.


and
as
you all
might
expected
a
little
ner-vous
U
U
/       /
U
U
U
U
/       U


The audience in the studio and at home.




‘Nervous’ is being stress that it show how Oprah feel when she on live broadcasting. She feel anxiety that she might make some mistake during the show.

I
knew
then
what
a
mi-ra-cu-lous op-por-tu-ni-ty
I
had been given
/
/
U
U
U
U  /  U   U    U   /    U U U
U
U
To show who is doing the action
Oprah know what opportunity that she had been given



The amazing opportunity that she had to have her own television show as her own brand show.



but
I
Certainly
never
could have imagined
U
/
U
/
U

To show who is doing the action

Not in way that she could imagine what await her in the future when she accept the offer.


the
Yel-low brick road
of
bless-ings
U
/        U     /       /
U
/         U

The yellow brick road represents the road that she take that full with miracle.

The blessing of piece of good fortune for herself and her beloved audiences.

that
have led
me
to
this
mo-ment
with
you
U
U
/
U
U
/       U
U
/


‘Me’ is emphasize because me as in Oprah herself. It is to show the audiences which is through the show she meets her audiences all over the world.


This exact moment where the show led Oprah towards her audience whether in the studio or at home.

The audience in the studio and at home.

These
years
with
you,
our
view-ers
have    reached
my life
be-yond
all
measure
U
/
U
/
U
/         U
U
/      /
U    /
U
U

All of the years of sharing the moments with her audiences

The audience in the studio and at home.

The audiences at home.

The viewers have reached her life that she can never expect to be with.
Oprah feel ‘beyond’ what normal people feel when all of the viewers watch her show all  these years with her.



and
you all
have gra-ciously in-vited
me
into
your living room
U
/       /
/        /        U      U   /
U
U
/         /          /

The audience in the studio and at home.
The audiences have graciously invited Oprah emphasize that they, the audience have watch her show anywhere they can watch it from.


The audiences watch the show from the living room where they rest with their family

into
your kit-chen
U
/        /     U

The audiences watch the show from the kitchen when they were cooking meals for the family.

and
Into
your life
U
U
/        /


‘Your life’ is to emphasize that the audiences have put the Oprah show as part of their life. If they did not watch the show their life is incomplete to begin with or to end with.

And
for
some
of
you,
long
U
U
/
U
U
U


To emphasize part of the audiences of the show.




time
Oprah view-ers
you
have li-te-ra-lly grown up
with
me
U
/           /       U
/
/       U / U U     /        /
U
U

The Oprah viewers that follow the show for a long time.
The audience in the studio and at home.
Emphasize that Oprah and the audience have grown up together not by literal meaning but by technical meaning. It technical meaning means that both the audience and the show ages together.



We’ve
grown
To-ge-ther
U
/
U   /   U

The viewers and the show have grown side by side with each other.
Together here is stress to show that the show and Oprah grown together by the technical meaning that means the age if the show and the age of the viewers.

You
had
your fami-lies
/
U
/        /        U
The audience in the studio and at home.

All along the grown up of the show some of the viewers have got married and had a family,

and
you
raised
your children
U
/
/
/         /      U

The audience in the studio and at home.
Bring up their children.
The viewers children that the viewers had after get married but they still watch the show while raised up their children.

and
you
left
the
spot
for
me
in
your mor-ning
U
/
/
U
/
U
U
U
/        /       U

The audience in the studio and at home.
‘Left’ is to emphasize that the viewers booked the time for them to watch the show.

The time slot of the show that the audiences make sure to clear out their time.



‘Your morning’ here emphasize on the time of the Oprah show airs in that place.

or
your af-ter-noon
depending
on
when
the
Oprah show
airs
in
your town
U
/        U U    /
U
U
U
U
/            /
/
U
/        /

‘Your afternoon’ here emphasize on the time of the Oprah show airs in that place.




The show title which is Oprah Winfrey Show.
The time when the show is air in the town.

The viewers town is different because the show is nationwide.

So,
I
just
wanted
to say
/
/
U
/
U
Stress on the word because Oprah want to gain the attention of the audiences.
To show who is doing the action

The word is stress to show that what actually Oprah want to say to the audience at the studio and at home.


whether
you
have been
here
with
me
from
the
be-gi-nning
U
/
U
U
U
/
U
U
U   /   U

The audience in the studio and at home.



‘Me’ is to emphasize to Oprah. She address herself towards the audiences.


From the starting of the show way back many year ago.

or
you
came
on
board
last
week
U
/
/
U
/
U
U

The audience in the studio and at home.
‘Came’ here is not that came to something but it instead came to watch the show.

‘Board’ is emphasize to show that the audiences that watch the show later than the old Oprah viewers.



I
want
you all
to know
/
/
/       /
U
To show who is doing the action
The word ‘want’ is stressed because Oprah wants the audiences to do what she orders.
The audience in the studio and at home.


that
my re-la-tion-ship
with
you
is
one
U
/   /   U   U     U
/
/
U
/

The relationship that she have with the audiences that she wants to point out for the audiences.
‘With’ is being stressed because she wants to stress with whom she want to be related with.
The audience in the studio and at home.

The one and only relationship that she shared with her audiences that she value so much in her life.

that
I
hold
very dear
U
/
/
/          /

To show who is doing the action
She embrace the relationship with her viewers.
She valued the relationship like her life is depends on it.

And
U
Your
U
Trust
/
In
U
me,
/


The speaker stresses the word because of the fact that trust is something that is not easy to get.

‘Me’ is stressed as to show who is the person being trusted.

the
U
sha-ring
/ U
of
U
your
U
pre-cious
/ U
Time
/




The word ‘precious’ is stressed as to give a value to the time.
The speaker stresses on the word ‘time’ as to show that she appreciates her audiences who are loyal to her show.

Eve-ry-day
 U   U    /
with
U
me
/
The speaker emphasized the word because that is how frequent the audiences have spent their time watching her show.



has brought
U /
me
U

The
U
great-est
/ U
Joy
U
I
/
have ever known
U / U
The speaker emphasizes the word as to refer to what the audiences have given to her, in this case the audiences’ trust and time.


The speaker wants to emphasize the joy level she feels.

To show who is doing the action
The speaker utters these three words one by one as to make give more emotional impact on the words. Saying the words one by one makes the words stand among all other words.

So,
U
Here
/
We
/
are,
U

This word is stressed as to show the location and the moment of speaking.
The word ‘we’ is stressed as to show who is involved in the conversation.


half-way
/ U
Through
U
The
U
sea-son
/   U
twen-ty-four
 /      U    /




The speaker has paused after saying ‘season’, thus making ‘twenty-four’ a stressed word. She might want to highlight the season of her show that she is conducting.

and
U
It
/
Still
U
Means
U
as much
U /
To
U
Me
U

The word is stressed to show the reference to the previous sentence.






to spend
 U   /
an ho-ur
U / U
eve-ry-day
 U   U  /
With
  U
You
/

The word is stressed as to show the exact amount of time the speaker has spent with her audiences.


The word ‘you’ is stressed as to give reference to the audiences.

as
U
It
U
Did
U
Back
/
In
U
nine-teen eigh-ty six
/ U / U /



The speaker stresses this word because she wants to highlight the time of the event takes place.



So,
U
Why
   /
Walk
   /
a-way
/  U

The speaker wants to stress on the question why she leaves her show.
‘Walk’ is emphasized to show the intention of the speaker leaving her show.


and
U
Make
/
Next
/
sea-son
 /    U
The
U
last?
/

The word ‘make’ is stressed to show the action that the speaker takes.
The speaker stresses on this word because she wants to emphasize the ‘next season’ instead of ‘this season’ or ‘last season.’


The speaker stresses on this word because she wants the audience to get the message that the next season will be the last season.

Here
/
Is
U
The
U
Real
/
rea-son.
/ U
‘Here’ is stressed because the speaker wants to draw the attention of the audience of what she is going to say after that.


The speaker stresses on this word because she wants to point that she has the concrete reason of leaving her show.


I
U
Love
/
The
U
show.
/

To emphasize the feeling of the speaker

To emphasize the object of the action

The
U
Show
U
has been
 U    /
My
U
Life
/


The speaker wants to show that the show has become her life, and is still her life even after she leaves the show.

The word is stressed because the speaker wants to show that her show has become her world.

and
U
I
U
Love
/
It
/
e-nough
 U  /
to know
 U    /


The first time this word is stressed merely to state the speaker’s feeling over her show. The word is stressed for the second time as to show the degree of the speaker’s love towards her show.
The speaker wants to refer to her show, not other’s show.



when
U
It
U
’s
U
Time
U
to say
U /
good-bye.
 U       /





The speaker stresses the word ‘goodbye’ as to stress on her serious intention of leaving the show.

Twen-ty-five Years
    / U      /          /
Feels
U
Right
     /
In
U
My
U
Bones
/
The speaker stresses on this word as to show that the duration of time of her conducting the show is long.

The word is stressed as to make the audiences take note that what the speaker feels is true and right for her.


The speaker stresses the word ‘bones’ as she wants to show that the show has become one part of her outer self.

and
U
It
U
Feels
U
Right
  /
In
U
My
U
spi-rit.
 /   U



The second occurrence of the word ‘right’ which is stressed gives more emphasis on the meaning of the word.


The speaker stresses the word ‘spirit’ as she wants to show that the show has become one part of her inner self.

It
U
’s
U
The
U
per-fect
  U   /
num-ber,
   /   U



This word is referring to the 25 years duration of time of the speaker’s show. The speaker stresses on this word as she wants to tell the audience what she feels about that duration of time.


The
U
e-xact
 U  /
Right
U
time.
U

The speaker stresses on this word because she is referring to the show which is already 25 years on air.



So,
U
I
U
Hope
/


The speaker stresses the word ‘hope’ because she wants to make the audiences listen carefully of what she expects from the audiences.

that
U
You
U
will take
U /
This
U
eigh-teen-months ride
  /       U       U          /
With
  U
me,
 U




The speakers stresses on the phrase because of the fact that the duration of time is not short.



ride
/
Through
U
To
U
The
U
fi-nal
/ U
show.
U
The speaker stresses on the word ‘ride’ because she wants the audiences to be with her until the end of the show.



The speaker stresses on this word as to make the audiences take note that she wants them to stay tune until the last show.


Ov-er
/ U
This
U
ho-li-day
/ U /
break,
U
My
U
Team
/
And
U
I
/
will be brain-storm-ing
U    U     U / U
New
/
Ways
U








The speaker stresses on the word ‘brainstorming’ as to highlight and make clear to the audiences of what the speaker and her team will be doing.
The speaker stresses on the word ‘new’ as to let the audiences grab the idea of ‘newness’ that the speaker intends to say.


that
U
We
U
Can
U
en-ter-tain
U U /
You
U



This word is stressed because the speaker wants to convince the audiences of what she and her team will do for the audiences.


And
U
in-form
U /
You
U

This word is stressed as the speaker wants the audiences to bear in mind that they will get information from the speaker and her team.


and
U
up-lift
U /
You
U

The speaker stresses on this word as to make the audiences be sure that they will be uplifted by the speaker and her team who come out with new ideas for the show.


when
U
We
U
re-turn
U /
Here
/
In
U
Ja-nu-a-ry
/ UUU



‘Here’ is stressed because the speaker wants to emphasize the intended place and time of her return with her team for a new session of the show.



And
U
then,
/
sea-son
/ U
twen-ty-five
/ U /
We
/
are go-ing
U / U
to knock
U /
Your
U
Socks
U
Off
U

‘Then’ is stressed as to show the link between what the speaker has told before with what she is telling now.


‘We’ is stressed because the speaker wants to highlight herself and her team.

The speaker stresses on the word as to give more dramatic on the word despite the way she utters each of the word one by one.




So,
/
The
U
count-downs
/ U
To
U
The
U
End
/
Of
U
The
U
Op-rah Win-frey
Show
/ U / U /
Starts
U
Now
/
This word is stressed to show the link between this sentence with the sentence before.

The speaker stresses on this word because


The speaker stresses the word ‘end’ because of the fact that the show has come to its end and she wants the audiences to get the message clearly.


The speaker stresses that it is ‘Oprah Winfrey show’ that will come to an end, not another show she is involved in.

‘Now’ is stressed to highlight that moment of speaking.

and 
U
un-til
U /
That
/
Day
U
In
U
Two-thou-sand-e-le-ven
/ U / U U/

When
U
It
U
Ends
/


‘That’ is stressed because it refers to a specific day in which the show will end.





The speaker stresses on this word because she wants to emphasize that her show is ending soon.

I
U
in-tend
U /
to soak up
U U /
ev-ery mea-ning-ful, joy-ful mo-ment
/ U       U//     /U    U/
With
U
You
/



The whole phrase is stressed by the speaker uttering each word slowly and one by one. She wants to stress how valuable the memories she has with the audiences.

The speaker stresses the people who

Thanks
/
ev-ery-bo-dy
U / U /
The speaker stresses on this word as to show her appreciation for her audiences.


I’ll
U
See
/
You
U
On
U
Mon-day
/ U

The speaker stresses on this word because she is going to meet her audiences on the following week.


‘Monday’ is stressed because it is the day when the speaker’s show is on air.
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graded assignment 2: research on the use of CMC on Youtube

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم


ABSTRACT

            This research paper is to investigate how native speakers stress on certain words when they are giving speech in public. As we concern, there are many mediums that we can rely on in order to learn how native speakers speak. For time being, YouTube is one of the channels that suitable for us to learn how they speak. Every day, there are many videos are being uploaded. Thus, we can use these channels to learn as nowadays computers are giving us so much benefit to be used.

OBJECTIVE

            In this research, we analyses a video that we have transcribe into written form to point out the important of the stress and unstressed syllables as well as the intonation of rise and fall.  By the end of this research paper, we will be able to determine which one of the word is either stress or unstressed. Not to forget, that the tone of the words is different in terms of rising and falling in pitch of the words. The focuses for this research are to learn the differences of native speakers and non-native speakers when they construct the sentence also to compare the words when they pronounce certain words.

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many studies have been conducted regarding computer-mediated-communication (CMC). As far as CMC is concerned, there are two types of CMC available which are synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous mode of CMC focuses on the real time conversation in which the exchanges between people is immediate and more rapid. Asynchronous mode of CMC focuses on non-real time conversation in which the response from the people can be delayed.

There are many views on CMC as a helping tool for secondary and foreign language learning. Chen (2005) suggested that by using synchronous CMC tools, EFL learners can be exposed to the use of the target language. Web conferencing can overcome the communication problem due to distance. Cunningham, Fagersten & Holmsten (2010) have found that web-conferencing can be used in order to complete synchronous communication learning tasks involving students residing in different countries. It can also solve the problem faced by the students who are attending different universities in different countries to participate in the same learning activity (Jauregi & Banados,2008).
Another view is that CMC is believed to be one kind of a socially rich environment. Michinov, Michinov, and Toczek-Capelle (2004) who have conducted a study on 72 school students, have found that these school students only need about 90 minutes to develop their sense of belonging in synchronous CMC groups. By comparing face-to-face communication with CMC, Tidwell and Walther have confirmed that intimate exchanges or disclosures happened more frequently in CMC as compared to face-to-face communication.

As an e-learning tool, where e-learning is defined very generally as any learning supported by electronic tools and media in a synchronous or asynchronous situation, web-conferencing platforms have gained popularity among educators during the past decade due to greater flexibility as a result of web technology and broadband connectivity improvements (Falloon, 2011; Dammers, 2009; Skylar, 2009)

METHODOLOGY

The study was done in a form of analysis of the transcribed version of a native speaker speech on one of the videos on Youtube. The data are presented in tables as to ease the reading.

PROCEDURE

The first step on this research is to find a video on Youtube. The video that we have found is the video of Oprah Winfrey who is announcing to her audience about her leaving her show. The video duration is about three minutes and thirty seconds. After getting the video, we transcribed it as to make the analysis to be easier. From the transcribed version of the speech in the video, we analyzed the syllables (stressed and unstressed), the mood and the intonation of the speech being uttered by the speaker. Then we came out with rational reasons for certain words that are stressed by the speaker as well as the reason behind rising and falling intonation of the speaker’s speech. Other than that, we tried to relate the use of rising and falling intonation of the speech of the speaker with the mood of the sentences being produced.

SAMPLING

In this analysis, we only used a video that we took from the Youtube. The sample is the speech of Oprah Winfrey who is a native speaker of English. She is the host of her own programme which was the Oprah Winfrey Show. The video was posted on the Youtube in 2009.

INSTRUMENT FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Our linguistic area under study is phonetics and phonology. Thus, we decided to analyze the data by using the instruments that is related to that area which are stress, intonation and mood in relationship with the speech of a native speaker. For the analysis of mood and tone, we have referred to the table of the primary tones of spoken English as being outlined by Halliday (refer Appendix 1).

FINDING

            For the findings of this research, we have found that every word has its own meaning based on the sentence structure or the words construct. As for example, the word ‘board’ does not mean thin, flat piece of wood instead ‘board’ means the time the viewers followed the show. Other findings are the stress and unstressed syllables of the word. Some words are stressed while other is unstressed. Words are being stressed because the speaker wants to emphasize on the word to the audience. These stress words will catch the attention of the audience to listen carefully as to get the full information given by the speaker. On the other hand, the unstressed words are to make the sentences to be more reliable and can be understood by the audience. For instance, the stressed word in the analysis is news. News is stressed to emphasize on what news that the speaker, Oprah has promised the audiences at the beginning of the show. In addition, the finding also served to compare native speaker and non-native speaker on how the construction of the sentence and the context of the sentence. Meanwhile, as for the finding for the intonation part we find that, the speaker use more falling action in pitch movement when the speaker is speaking. This is because the speaker use declarative clause when making a sentences.

CONCLUSION

            From the analysis, there are reasons for stress and unstressed words in a sentences as well as the reason why the speaker used certain intonation for a particular sentences being uttered. Among the reasons for a word to be stressed are the facts that the speaker wants to emphasize a particular word in order to get the message clear. Other than that, a word is stressed to give a certain impact to the sentences being uttered. For the intonation part, we can see that the speaker chooses to use more falling intonation rather than rising intonation because of the mood of the sentences are mostly in declarative.  

REFERENCES

Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. (3rd ed.) London: Hodder Arnold.

Lara, N. A., Lomicka, L., Lord, G., listed, A. a., order, i. a., to, c. e., & article, t. (2005). Using computer-mediated communication to establish social and supportive environments in teacher education. CALICO Journal, 22(3), 537. Retrieved from http://210.48.222.80/proxy.pac/docview/750586215?accountid=44024

Wang, C. X., Jaeger, D., Liu, J., Guo, X., & Xie, N. (2013). Using synchronous technology to enrich student learning. TechTrends, 57(1), 20-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-012-0626-9



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Monday, 8 April 2013

graded assignment 2: journal article (summary)




assalamualaikum w.b.t

this is the graded assignment 2:

Title: Publicly Private and Privately Public:
Social Networking on YouTube
by
Patricia G. Lange
School of Cinematic Arts
University of Southern California

Abstract
People will be experiencing various types of engagement with videos and one of the most popular medium or website is YouTube which is also known as a public video-sharing website. This article investigates how by manipulating physical and interpretive access to the videos influence the participants to develop and maintain their social network. The analysis tells how difference in social relationship is reflected by circulating and sharing videos among teenagers. There are two categories of “publicness” in video-sharing which are “publicly private” and privately “public”

Introduction
As we are concern, as a platform of video sharing, YouTube also offers personal pages for users called as “channel page”. The ultimate goal of this article is how the teenagers and young adults project their identities by using YouTube’s videos sharing and commenting characteristics which correlate with meticulous social groups. The researcher began the research by demonstrating theoretical blueprint that shows the relationship between media exchange and the process whereby online and in public is negotiated by social network. The second argument is how technical features and social device are being manipulated by youngsters and young adults in order to attain different level of visibility in their video sharing activities.

Literature review
The theory of social network is hard to justify. According to Welman (1996), a social network can be described as relations among people who deem other network members to be crucial or applicable to them in certain way. In keeping with this theory, (ellison et al. 2007; Gross& Acquisti ) 2005, they claimed it is accessible to examine how different social network are developed, maintained and discussed via media by studying social and technical choice that candidates make on social network sites. It is probable to know essential social dynamics among the people who use the media by scrutinizing a media circuit.  For instance, on YouTube, various types of videos will a person may create and share with one set of allies, whilst making and sharing the other category of videos with different set of friends. This article also investigates the public and private both in terms of what is physically or emblematically more or less visible and what counts as crucial or socially related for community network members. To add it up, exploring the fractalization of video-sharing practices consequently grants a valuable lens through which to analysis how social relations transfer and sub-divide contained by the context of unseen media sharing.

Method
All the data are based on semi-structured interviews, field notes on observation and conducted several times a week analyzes of posted videos and comments and examination of subscription. For the interviews, there are 54 participants has been selected and the interviews has been carried out in few different ways. There are 29 candidates has been conducted by phone, 15 candidates via instant messaging and 10 candidates by face to face. The questions are included such as “Are you a YouTuber?” why and why not? “Do you know all the people who have posted comments to your videos? And next is, watching the main YouTube page is one of the activities which were collected during the field note observations.

Results
Here are the results based on the interviews and observation that have been conducted with the candidates. In the interviews, one of the participants say that she posted a video comment on the videos that her nephew has created and upload it on YouTube. This is one way for her to keep the family social network since she rarely got a chance to meet them in real life as she lives so miles away. By posting the comments, its somehow complete the media circuit which means the boys will read it and they know that their aunt is participated from far and supported with what they have done.
Another candidates also claimed that they share experiences like posting the videos actually are broaden their relationship with other people. Due to that, they become friends and meet up and finally they produce another video project and upload in on YouTube. This evident shows that by posting video sharing in YouTube will develop the social network within other people.
Next, the other participants reported to those who watched their videos and leave comments may prompt the video maker to counter the poster of the comment. However, on YouTube some participants televise wide information about their identity. This is what we called as public video maker.
Then, according to the other interviewees that have been selected Anjin, he uses his YouTube’s name commercial for his videos. As for Anjin, although there are numbers of viewers who watched the YouTube but most of them do not have an account so by making the videos publicly makes it is more convenience to other people. Compared to other participants, who are better with privately public when posting their videos on YouTube said that they make it private because they don’t want to reveal their identity and keep them safe. One of the participant said he maintained a mysterious persona in a guy Fawkes Mask and vigilante character named “V”. For him, he does not permit posted comments that recommend that wishes to bring down a government. He also added up that he does not subscribe to other’s channels or initiate friend request.

Discussion
Many participants are suggested in this research paper. Profile linkages are not the main way of supporting a social network via Youtube. Posting videos that fellows and relatives could see and respond to is an ordinary practice among the participants. People are free to articulate their feelings of attraction for the video or the video makers by posting comments on it. The interviewees reported closer social correlation will be the stimulated by the intelligent commentary on a video. According to Nissenbaum (2004) argues that some privacy is needed for individuals to self-actualize. For advancing the self and protecting the honor of affiliation, privacy is required. 

The question also comes up likes “why do people involve in “publicly private” behavior? There are two main reasons that have been studied in this article paper. First thing first, there are weaknesses in technical option for defining media circuit as implemented at the time of the research. Many interviewees want to share media with meticulous buddies and family members but did not fancy using friends-only viewing option because it required watchers to have an account. Some candidates encountered difficulty of sharing in public by using limited tagging. In addition, viewing counts and comments systems as a way of gauging viewership is also used by the participants in order to resolve their videos were not “super public” if they did not gather much response.

This article exposes that what comprises how “public” a media circuit is differ, depending on participants’ display of information about themselves and the content that they produce. Dissimilar communications dynamic reflects dissimilar media circuit types. The study has shown that the public and private fractalize in multifaceted way in video making and sharing on YouTube. It also holds what the previous scholar that claims that watching media is not a merely a inactive exercise but rather that film or video viewing in general occupies active understandings that shape response of media messages (Friedman, 2006). On YouTube, the center constituent of participant on the site is frequent dealings between video makers and viewers.

Conclusion
This article shows how technical and symbolic device are used by YouTube participants to attempt to define different social network. In keeping with this focus, a new category of different nuanced behavior types have been proposed. To add it more, design implication also has been introduced in this article. It is very essential to be careful to fractalization touch points where the bigger quantity of publicity or privacy may be needed because there areso many social groups and professional organization added their website with social network site constituents. 


this article is taken from:
Lange, P. G. (2007). Publicly private and privately public: Social networking on YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), article 18. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/lange.html 


here is the reflection of the article  :)

Based on this article journal, we found out that different people give different views on social networking. one of the mediums which is famous for time being is YouTube. YouTube is the channel for people to upload and posting any videos that they want either for publicly private or privately public. In addition, we know that the social networking site is invented to make social relationship with other people. Somehow we can make friends with stranger through this advanced technology. However, as educated people we might know the pros and cons of it. by this it means we have to ensures what we do is right and do not give harmful to other people. Thus, from this article we can say that some people like to make their videos in publicly private and some others like to make in privately public. All of these give various of reasons. from our point of views, we think that, making videos in publicly private would be better because from that we can know what other people views about the videos. Actually, it can build our self-consciousness. the viewers are free to drop and leave any comments either in positive or negative way. If the comments are negative, we will take it as a platform for us to improve it.


THANK YOU :)
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